Female Health

There are a couple of options which can be used for emergency contraception, including a one-time oral tablet or an IUD (intrauterine device).

IUD for emergency contraception

The IUD is the most effective method of emergency contraception, and is also known as a type of coil. The IUD is a non-hormonal device which releases copper into the uterus. The release of copper acts as a spermicide, rather than using hormones to prevent ovulation, like some other coils do (IUS).

Copper IUDs are recommended as the first line of action for emergency contraception because they are highly effective, regardless of any other medication the woman is using.

As well as being an effective choice in emergencies, they can also provide ongoing contraception, with some lasting for between 5 and 10 years before removal and replacement (if necessary).

Oral tablet for emergency contraception

Oral tablets can also be used as a form of emergency contraception. They may also be known as emergency hormonal contraception or EHC. A pharmacist can provide them to women who do not wish to conceive following unprotected intercourse. Some eligibility criteria must be met before sale or supply.

Which types of oral emergency contraception are available?

Ulipristal is usually the best EHC option, as it can be taken up to 120 hours after unprotected sexual intercourse, and needs no dose adjustment for women who are overweight or obese.

Levonorgestrel can be used by women who want to start a hormonal contraceptive immediately after EHC, or who are on enzyme-inducing medicines.

It’s important to speak with a pharmacist about your options before making a decision. They can help to ensure that you get the most suitable option for your needs.

Emergency contraception does not provide any protection from sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, it is really important to take steps to avoid these and seek medical advice if you are concerned about any symptoms of infection.

By seeking early medical advice and being treated, you can reduce the risks of further issues. The only method that reduces the risk of STIs is condoms. They provide a barrier to skin-to-skin contact and fluid transfer.

The risks of STIs remain the same for long-term contraceptive methods, including the pill, injection, IUS and others.

Condoms are the only method that can reduce the risk of STIs, but they do not provide 100% protection.

Selecting the right contraceptive for you is a personal and important decision. What works for one person may not be suitable for another. The good news is that there are many safe and effective methods of contraception available in the UK.

Here is a quick overview of the most common methods, so that you can begin thinking about your options. When you are ready, you can speak to a professional about beginning one of the methods.

Combined pill

The combined pill contains two hormones – oestrogen and progestogen. It works by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg) and thickening cervical mucus to stop sperm from reaching an egg.

Mini pill

The mini pill contains only progestogen. It mainly works by thickening cervical mucus and, in some cases, stopping ovulation.

Contraceptive patch

The patch releases oestrogen and progestogen through the skin.

Vaginal ring

The vaginal ring is a small, flexible ring placed inside the vagina. It releases oestrogen and progestogen.

Contraceptive injection

An injection of progestogen that prevents ovulation.

Contraceptive implant

A small rod inserted under the skin of your upper arm that releases progestogen.

Coil (IUD or IUS)

A small T-shaped device is placed in the uterus.

Copper IUD: Hormone-free and can last 5–10 years.

Hormonal IUS: Releases progestogen and lasts 3–8 years (depending on type).

Condoms

Condoms are barrier methods that stop sperm from reaching an egg.

If you need further guidance on emergency contraception, then it’s important to act quickly. The sooner you get advice and treatment, the higher the effectiveness. Book a consultation today with our registered pharmacist.

Online appointments are available 7 days a week from 9 am to 10 pm.

The combined pill contains two hormones: ethinylestradiol (oestrogen) and a progestogen. It mainly works by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus, and thinning the womb lining.

Effectiveness

• Over 99% effective with perfect use

• Around 91% effective with typical use

How to take it

Usually taken daily for 21 days followed by a 7-day break (or continuously, depending on the formulation and clinical advice).

Potential benefits

• More regular, lighter and less painful periods

• May improve acne

• Can reduce symptoms of PMS

• Reduces the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer

Risks and side effects

Common side effects may include:

• Nausea

• Breast tenderness

• Headaches

• Breakthrough bleeding

Less common but serious risks include:

• Blood clots (venous thromboembolism)

• Stroke

• Heart attack

The risk of blood clots is small but higher than that of non-users. Risk is higher in smokers over 35, those with obesity, migraine with aura, certain cardiovascular conditions, or a history of clotting disorders.

Not suitable for:

• Smokers aged 35 or over

• People with migraine with aura

• Those with certain heart, liver or clotting conditions

• Uncontrolled high blood pressure

A full medical assessment is required before prescribing.

The mini pill contains a progestogen only (such as desogestrel). It mainly thickens cervical mucus and, in some types, suppresses ovulation.

Effectiveness

• Over 99% effective with perfect use

• Around 91% effective with typical use

How to take it

Taken daily at the same time every day, without a break. Timing is important. Some types have a 3-hour window, others (e.g. desogestrel) have a 12-hour window.

Potential benefits

• Suitable for those who cannot take oestrogen

• Can be used while breastfeeding

• May reduce period pain

Risks and side effects

• Irregular bleeding or spotting

• Periods may stop altogether

• Acne or breast tenderness

• Mood changes

It does not carry the same increased clot risk as combined pills.

The patch releases oestrogen and progestogen through the skin into the bloodstream.

Effectiveness

Similar to the combined pill when used correctly.

How to use

One patch is worn for 7 days and changed weekly for 3 weeks, followed by a patch-free week.

Risks and considerations

Carries similar risks to the combined pill, including a small increased risk of blood clots. May cause:

• Skin irritation

• Breast tenderness

• Headaches

This method is not suitable for individuals with contraindications to oestrogen.

A small flexible ring placed inside the vagina that releases oestrogen and progestogen.

Effectiveness

Comparable to the combined pill when used correctly.

How to use

Inserted for 3 weeks, removed for 1 week.

Risks

Same hormonal risks as other combined methods, including a small increased risk of clotting. Some users report:

• Vaginal irritation

• Discharge

• Headaches

An injection containing progestogen (e.g. medroxyprogesterone acetate).

Effectiveness

Over 99% effective when used correctly.

Duration

Given every 8–13 weeks, depending on the product.

Benefits

• Long-acting

• No daily action required

• May stop periods

Risks and considerations

• Irregular bleeding

• Weight gain

• Mood changes

• Possible reduction in bone mineral density with long-term use

• Delay in return to fertility (can take several months)

A small flexible rod inserted under the skin of the upper arm that releases progestogen.

Effectiveness

Over 99% effective.

Duration

Effective for up to 3 years.

Side effects

• Irregular bleeding patterns

• Headaches

• Acne

• Breast tenderness

Fitted and removed by a trained clinician.

A small T-shaped device which is placed in the uterus.

Over 99% effective.

Copper IUD (Hormone-free)

• Effective for 5–10 years

• May make periods heavier or more painful

• Can be used as emergency contraception

Hormonal IUS

• Releases progestogen

• Lasts 3–8 years (depending on brand)

• Often reduces or stops periods

Risks

• Discomfort during fitting

• Small risk of perforation (very rare)

• Small risk of infection shortly after fitting

A barrier method that prevents sperm from reaching an egg.

Effectiveness

• Around 98% with perfect use

• Around 82% with typical use

Benefits

• Offers some protection against STIs

• Hormone-free

• Available without prescription

Used after unprotected sex or contraceptive failure.

Options

• Levonorgestrel pill (within 72 hours)

• Ulipristal acetate (within 120 hours)

• Copper IUD (within 5 days)

Emergency pills may be less effective in individuals with higher body weight/BMI.

Ulipristal acetate should not be used if hormonal contraception has been taken within the previous 7 days, and hormonal contraception should be delayed for 5 days after taking ulipristal.

• All prescription contraceptives require a clinical suitability assessment.

• Patients are reminded to read the Patient Information Leaflet supplied with their medicine.

• Patients should seek urgent medical attention if they suspect a blood clot (e.g. unexplained leg pain/swelling, chest pain, shortness of breath).

• Contraception does not protect against STIs.

• Seek medical advice if you think you may be pregnant.

Which method of contraception is the most effective?

The most effective methods are the implant and intrauterine devices (IUD/IUS), which are over 99% effective. The injection is also highly effective when given on time. That being said, it’s important to follow all professional guidance when using these methods to promote effectiveness.

What happens if I miss a pill?

Missed pill advice depends on the type of pill and how many pills have been missed. Always check the Patient Information Leaflet. In general, if one combined pill is missed, take it as soon as remembered. If two or more are missed, additional precautions may be required.

If you are on the progestogen-only pill (mini-pill) and are more than 3 hours late (or 12 hours for desogestrel), take it as soon as remembered and use condoms for 2 days.

Additionally, if you take a pill and then vomit or have diarrhoea, you may need to treat this as a ‘missed pill’. Always read the guidance in your leaflet and ensure you take any necessary precautions outlined if you do not wish to become pregnant.

What should I do if I take contraception but need another medication for something else?

If you take contraception, but you need medication for another issue, make sure to inform the healthcare professional who is prescribing the medication. They will check for any interactions to ensure that your contraception continues working as it should.

Can I use contraception while breastfeeding?

Yes, but only some options are considered safe to use during this time. Progestogen-only methods (mini-pill, injection, implant) are safe. Combined methods (pill, patch, ring) should usually be avoided in the first 6 weeks.

Speak to a medical professional if you aren’t sure what steps to take, and they can assist you.

When should I stop using contraception?

There is no exact rule on when a person should stop taking contraception. In most cases, people are advised to continue taking contraception until age 55 or for one year after their period stops when over 50. Seek personalised advice.

If you have any other questions regarding contraception use or you’d like to discuss your options, please don’t hesitate to book a consultation with us. We provide expert advice through consultations 7 days a week from 9 am until 10 pm.

Yes, certain hormonal contraceptives can be used to delay menstruation in some people. This is most common with combined hormonal methods. However:

• You must be medically assessed for suitability before starting or altering contraceptive use.
• Not all contraceptives allow safe or appropriate period delay.
• Some approaches involve using medicines “off-label” (not in the official product leaflet), and these require careful clinical supervision.
• Not suitable for everyone (e.g., smokers aged 35+, people with certain health conditions).

Period delays can be used by people alongside clinical support. They are commonly used by the following people.  

• Someone who is not currently using any contraception
• Someone who wants to delay for up to 17 days 
• Someone who needs a temporary delay, e.g., for a holiday, event or exam

Someone who is not currently using contraception could use Norethisterone. This is:

• Taken 3 days before the period is due
• Taken 3 times daily
• Can delay bleeding for up to 17 days
• Bleeding usually occurs 2–3 days after stopping

Yes, most people can seek advice from a registered pharmacist about delaying their period. If you are medically fit, with no complex medical history, and are over 16, you can access pharmacy support. 

It’s best to seek professional support at least seven days before your period is due to begin, giving you enough time to seek advice and make a decision.

Complete a healthcare assessment

Before attempting to delay your period, a qualified clinician needs to assess:

• Your medical history
• Blood pressure (depending on contraception)
• Smoking status and age
• Current medicines and health conditions

This is required for safe prescribing and is part of standard UK pharmacy practice.

Understand the risks involved 

Methods involving oestrogen carry a small increased risk of blood clots. This risk is higher if you:

• Smoke and are 35 or over
• Have a history of clotting disorders
• Have certain cardiovascular or metabolic conditions
• You should not use combined hormonal methods if they are contraindicated for you.

Understand the bleeding pattern 

Continuing hormones to delay a period can cause:

• Spotting
• Breakthrough bleeding
• Light bleeding

These effects can occur even when the method is used correctly.

Dealing with emergencies

Seek immediate medical help or contact your GP/pharmacy urgently if you experience:

• Severe headache with speech or vision changes
• Chest pain or shortness of breath
• Leg swelling or severe, unexplained pain
• Severe abdominal pain

These can be signs of serious side effects, such as blood clots.

• Plan ahead: Start discussing a period delay at least 1 – 2 months before travel.
• Check supplies: Ensure you have enough contraception to cover your trip and any extended use.
• Read the leaflet: Always read the Patient Information Leaflet with your medicine.
• Keep reminders: Use alarms or apps if you’re extending pill use.
• Carry information: Keep a note of your contraceptive details with you when travelling.

It’s important to seek clinical guidance before making the decision to delay your period. Our registered pharmacists can provide trusted advice on the best steps for you to take. Book a consultation today.

Period pain usually feels like cramping in the lower abdomen. It may also be felt in the lower back or thighs, ranging from mild discomfort to severe pain that interferes with daily activities.

While period pain can often be self-managed with pain relief, it’s important to speak to a medical professional if the pain is too severe.

There are two types of dysmenorrhoea:

Primary Dysmenorrhoea

• Common in teenagers and younger women

• Not caused by an underlying medical condition

• Linked to natural chemicals called prostaglandins, which cause the womb to contract

• Pain often improves with age or after childbirth

Secondary Dysmenorrhoea

• More common in women in their mid-20s and older, particularly if symptoms are new or changing

• Caused by an underlying condition

• Pain may start earlier in the cycle and last longer than a typical period

Possible causes include:

• Endometriosis

• Fibroids

• Adenomyosis

• Pelvic inflammatory disease

• Intrauterine device (IUD) complications

If secondary dysmenorrhoea is suspected, further medical assessment is recommended.

In addition to cramping, symptoms may include:

• Lower back pain

• Headache

• Nausea

• Diarrhoea

• Fatigue

• Dizziness

Severe pain is not something you should feel you have to “just put up with,” particularly if it is worsening or affecting your quality of life.

Many people manage mild to moderate period pain at home using a range of self-care measures, often including the following.

• Applying a heat pad or hot water bottle to the lower abdomen

• Gentle exercise or stretching

• Warm baths

• Relaxation techniques

• Adequate rest

These approaches may help relieve muscle tension and reduce discomfort.

If self-care is not enough, pain relief medicines may help. Always read the Patient Information Leaflet and follow dosing instructions carefully.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Examples of NSAIDs include ibuprofen and naproxen; these work by reducing prostaglandin production, helping to ease both pain and inflammation. Higher doses may be available through a prescription.

Important safety information:

• Not suitable for people with certain stomach, kidney or heart conditions

• Should be avoided if you have a history of stomach ulcers unless advised by a healthcare professional

• Can interact with other medicines

Paracetamol

Paracetamol may be suitable for mild pain or for people who cannot take NSAIDs.

• It does not reduce inflammation

• An overdose can cause serious liver damage

• Do not exceed the stated dose

Hormonal contraception

Some hormonal contraceptives can reduce period pain by thinning the womb lining and reducing prostaglandin production.

These require a clinical suitability assessment by a GP or appropriately trained pharmacist.

They may not be appropriate for everyone, particularly those with contraindications to oestrogen-containing products.

You should speak to a healthcare professional if:

• Pain is severe or worsening

• Pain begins later in life

• Periods are unusually heavy or irregular

• Pain occurs outside of your period

• You experience pain during sex

• Over-the-counter medicines are not effective

• Sudden, severe abdominal pain should be assessed urgently

If period pain significantly affects your work, education, relationships or mental wellbeing, it is important not to ignore it.

Conditions such as endometriosis can take time to diagnose. Early assessment can help ensure appropriate investigation and management.

Is severe period pain normal?

Mild discomfort is common, but severe pain that disrupts normal activities should be assessed. You should not have to live with severe pain as a result of your period. 

Will period pain improve with age?

In some cases, period pain can improve over time; for example, those living with primary dysmenorrhoea often report an improvement over time, but this is not always the case.

Can lifestyle changes help?

Regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight and stress management may reduce symptoms for some people.

Important Information regarding period pain management

• Always read the Patient Information Leaflet before taking any medicine.
• Do not exceed recommended doses.
• Some pain relief medicines may not be suitable if you are pregnant, trying to conceive, breastfeeding or have certain medical conditions.
• If you are unsure which treatment is appropriate, seek advice from a qualified healthcare professional.

If you need further advice on dealing with period pain, why not book a consultation with our GPhC-registered pharmacist? Consultations are available 7 days a week from 9 am until 10 pm. Book now.